Info Expo Reports
For this project, each student came up with a genuine question about science, math, technology, or society and researched the answer. They each wrote a report of their findings, organizing the information into headings and focusing on clear, easy to follow language. We hope you like (and learn from) our reports!
Touch Screens
By Michael
Do you have an ipod, iphone, ipad, GPS, or tablet? If the answer is yes, then you know that they all have one thing in common: touch screens. There are three basic systems that are used to recognize touch.
Resistive: The Button-Like Method
The resistive method uses two pieces of glass separated by an air pocket. When a finger touches the screen, the glass is pressed together. When this happens, a charge is sent. This charge tells the system where on the device the finger or stylist touched. Palm Pilot was one of the first companies to use a Resistive touch screen, but they required stylists. Most GPSs use this method.
Capacitive: What Apple Uses
The iPhone, iPod, and iPad use a system called Capacitive. A layer that stores electrical charge is placed on the glass panel of the monitor. When someone touches the monitor with his or her finger, some of the charge is transferred to the user, so the charge on the capacitive layer decreases. So the phone can tell where there is less charge on the capacitive layer.
Surface Acoustic Wave: Breaking the Waves
Two transducers (a traducer is anything that sends electrical charge) are put along an x, y axes of the monitor’s glass plate. Also placed on the are reflectors, they reflect an electrical signal sent from one transducer to the other. When a finger touches the screen, it breaks the waves, and the receiving transducer can tell where the waves were interrupted.
The Drawbacks
Where there are benefits there are always drawbacks. The big drawback of the capacitive screen is that they don’t work when the finger is covered by electrically insulating material, like gloves. The capacitive screen relies on the fingers’ ability to hold a charge, and gloves can’t hold a charge.
The drawback for the surface acoustic wave screen is that if the phone gets dirty, the dirt could break the waves, and if that happens, the transducers will think that your finger touched the screen.
The next time you use something with a touch screen, think to yourself what type of touch screen is it. And remember when you’re using a touch screen NO GLOVES ALLOWED!
Resistive: The Button-Like Method
The resistive method uses two pieces of glass separated by an air pocket. When a finger touches the screen, the glass is pressed together. When this happens, a charge is sent. This charge tells the system where on the device the finger or stylist touched. Palm Pilot was one of the first companies to use a Resistive touch screen, but they required stylists. Most GPSs use this method.
Capacitive: What Apple Uses
The iPhone, iPod, and iPad use a system called Capacitive. A layer that stores electrical charge is placed on the glass panel of the monitor. When someone touches the monitor with his or her finger, some of the charge is transferred to the user, so the charge on the capacitive layer decreases. So the phone can tell where there is less charge on the capacitive layer.
Surface Acoustic Wave: Breaking the Waves
Two transducers (a traducer is anything that sends electrical charge) are put along an x, y axes of the monitor’s glass plate. Also placed on the are reflectors, they reflect an electrical signal sent from one transducer to the other. When a finger touches the screen, it breaks the waves, and the receiving transducer can tell where the waves were interrupted.
The Drawbacks
Where there are benefits there are always drawbacks. The big drawback of the capacitive screen is that they don’t work when the finger is covered by electrically insulating material, like gloves. The capacitive screen relies on the fingers’ ability to hold a charge, and gloves can’t hold a charge.
The drawback for the surface acoustic wave screen is that if the phone gets dirty, the dirt could break the waves, and if that happens, the transducers will think that your finger touched the screen.
The next time you use something with a touch screen, think to yourself what type of touch screen is it. And remember when you’re using a touch screen NO GLOVES ALLOWED!
Germs
By Drexel
Good and Bad Germs
When I started researching germs I didn’t know much about them, just that germs were bad for you and you didn’t want to have them. After I did a little research on germs I learned that not all germs are bad for you, and that we even need some of them. For example, good bacteria lives inside our intestines and helps us to get nutrients in the food we eat. Without this kind of bacteria, we wouldn’t be able to get the nutrients from healthy meals. We also wouldn’t be able make waste from what’s left over.
What are Germs?
Germs are very tiny creatures made up of cells. Most germs get nutrients from their environments in order to live. Germs are organisms or living things that can cause disease. Once germs get inside your body, they take away your nutrients and energy. They can give out toxins. These toxins are a bit like poisons; they can cause symptoms like fever, sniffles, rashes, coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Lot and Lots of Different Germs
There are lots of different germs. There are about five nonillion germs (nonillion is equal to a five with 30 zeros behind it). There are 4 main kinds of germs --they are bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Each kind of germ is different.
Viruses
Viruses are one of the 4 main kinds of germs. Viruses need to be inside a living cell to grow and reproduce. That means that you wouldn’t find a virus just anywhere, it would have to be inside a plant or animal to survive. What the viruses are living inside of is called a host cell. Once the host cell has been infected, the viruses can cause diseases like chicken pox, measles, flu, and many others. Although viruses can do many bad things, one good thing about them is that you would never see them around your house.
Fungi
Another one of the 4 main kinds of germs is Fungi. Fungi are multi-celled plant-like organisms. Unlike other germs, Fungi can’t make its own food from soil, water and air. Instead Fungi gets its nutrition from plants, people and animals. Fungi aren’t normally harmful to healthy people. Fungi can cause athlete’s foot. When people get athlete’s foot from Fungi, it is because the person’s foot is sweating. Fungi enjoy living in damp warm places. When someone gets athlete’s foot from Fungi they experience an itchy rash in between their toes.
Bacteria
Bacteria are another main kind of germ. Bacteria are one of the most popular germs, meaning that there is a lot of it here on earth. Bacteria are the most common germ. It is a singled celled microorganism. These are usually about three quarters of a millimeter long. Bacteria is everywhere; just in a gram of soil there is typically about 40 million bacteria cells. In a millimeter of fresh water there are about one million bacteria cells.
Bacteria comes in many different shapes. The most common are spherical shaped bacteria. Spherical shaped bacteria are like balls. This shape of bacteria is the simplest and most common. When bacteria are in this shape it is known as coccoi. There are two other shapes of bacteria. They are rod shaped bacteria; these are known as bacilli. The other main shape of bacteria is a spiral; these bacteria are known as spiller.
Why Soap Doesn’t Kills Germs
Some people wonder why soap kills germs. Most soap doesn’t kill germs though. Most soap has chemicals that break down germs, fat and oils. Regular soap will not kill the surface bacteria, and viruses will be washed away with the dirt and germs. These chemicals help wash away the germs, but the germs do not get killed. Antibacterial soap does kill germs. Antibacterial soap activates antibacterial ingredients that kill and break down germs. Antibacterial is an agent that stops bacteria growth (or kills bacteria.)
Why Germs are Microscopic
Some people wonder why germs are microscopic; by researching germs I have learned that most germs are not microscopic. For example, Thiomargarita namibiesis it is kind of bacteria and is one of the largest bacteria in the world. It can even be seen by the naked eye! Some claim that it’s not technically a germ; it is bacteria though and it’s about three quarters of a millimeter. That means that not all bacteria are germs and not all germs are bacteria.
Germs in General
After researching germs I have learned a lot. I have learned that not all germs are bad and that we need some of them. Next time you are washing your hands with antibacterial soap you will know that the germs on our hands are getting killed as you use scrub your hands together. Even if you aren’t using antibacterial soap you will at least know that the germs are being washed away. By researching germs I have learned that each kind of germ is different and need some of them to get nutrients. They are important to our health because I know that some of them can make you sick, but we also need some germs like good bacteria to stop us from getting sick.
When I started researching germs I didn’t know much about them, just that germs were bad for you and you didn’t want to have them. After I did a little research on germs I learned that not all germs are bad for you, and that we even need some of them. For example, good bacteria lives inside our intestines and helps us to get nutrients in the food we eat. Without this kind of bacteria, we wouldn’t be able to get the nutrients from healthy meals. We also wouldn’t be able make waste from what’s left over.
What are Germs?
Germs are very tiny creatures made up of cells. Most germs get nutrients from their environments in order to live. Germs are organisms or living things that can cause disease. Once germs get inside your body, they take away your nutrients and energy. They can give out toxins. These toxins are a bit like poisons; they can cause symptoms like fever, sniffles, rashes, coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Lot and Lots of Different Germs
There are lots of different germs. There are about five nonillion germs (nonillion is equal to a five with 30 zeros behind it). There are 4 main kinds of germs --they are bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Each kind of germ is different.
Viruses
Viruses are one of the 4 main kinds of germs. Viruses need to be inside a living cell to grow and reproduce. That means that you wouldn’t find a virus just anywhere, it would have to be inside a plant or animal to survive. What the viruses are living inside of is called a host cell. Once the host cell has been infected, the viruses can cause diseases like chicken pox, measles, flu, and many others. Although viruses can do many bad things, one good thing about them is that you would never see them around your house.
Fungi
Another one of the 4 main kinds of germs is Fungi. Fungi are multi-celled plant-like organisms. Unlike other germs, Fungi can’t make its own food from soil, water and air. Instead Fungi gets its nutrition from plants, people and animals. Fungi aren’t normally harmful to healthy people. Fungi can cause athlete’s foot. When people get athlete’s foot from Fungi, it is because the person’s foot is sweating. Fungi enjoy living in damp warm places. When someone gets athlete’s foot from Fungi they experience an itchy rash in between their toes.
Bacteria
Bacteria are another main kind of germ. Bacteria are one of the most popular germs, meaning that there is a lot of it here on earth. Bacteria are the most common germ. It is a singled celled microorganism. These are usually about three quarters of a millimeter long. Bacteria is everywhere; just in a gram of soil there is typically about 40 million bacteria cells. In a millimeter of fresh water there are about one million bacteria cells.
Bacteria comes in many different shapes. The most common are spherical shaped bacteria. Spherical shaped bacteria are like balls. This shape of bacteria is the simplest and most common. When bacteria are in this shape it is known as coccoi. There are two other shapes of bacteria. They are rod shaped bacteria; these are known as bacilli. The other main shape of bacteria is a spiral; these bacteria are known as spiller.
Why Soap Doesn’t Kills Germs
Some people wonder why soap kills germs. Most soap doesn’t kill germs though. Most soap has chemicals that break down germs, fat and oils. Regular soap will not kill the surface bacteria, and viruses will be washed away with the dirt and germs. These chemicals help wash away the germs, but the germs do not get killed. Antibacterial soap does kill germs. Antibacterial soap activates antibacterial ingredients that kill and break down germs. Antibacterial is an agent that stops bacteria growth (or kills bacteria.)
Why Germs are Microscopic
Some people wonder why germs are microscopic; by researching germs I have learned that most germs are not microscopic. For example, Thiomargarita namibiesis it is kind of bacteria and is one of the largest bacteria in the world. It can even be seen by the naked eye! Some claim that it’s not technically a germ; it is bacteria though and it’s about three quarters of a millimeter. That means that not all bacteria are germs and not all germs are bacteria.
Germs in General
After researching germs I have learned a lot. I have learned that not all germs are bad and that we need some of them. Next time you are washing your hands with antibacterial soap you will know that the germs on our hands are getting killed as you use scrub your hands together. Even if you aren’t using antibacterial soap you will at least know that the germs are being washed away. By researching germs I have learned that each kind of germ is different and need some of them to get nutrients. They are important to our health because I know that some of them can make you sick, but we also need some germs like good bacteria to stop us from getting sick.
Heat or Ice
By Danny
Big Bad Bruise
You are walking down the street, and you notice there’s something on your leg. It’s a big, bad, black and blue! A black and blue is actually some ruptured blood vessels. A bruise forms when you hit the soft skin tissue in your body. Some people don’t bruise as easily because they have harder skin tissue. When the soft skin tissue is injured, small veins under the skin sometimes break. Red blood vessels leak red blood cells. The blood cells that are collected make that reddish, bluish, or blackish mark. That’s where “Black and Blues” get their name. The color of the mark under your skin. Bruises go through colorful changes as the body begins to heal itself. The color changes mean that your body is metabolizing, or breaking down, the blood cells in the skin.
Applying Ice
If you’re playing outside and you fall and hurt your knee, you don’t want to put heat on it. You don’t want to put heat on it because heat mainly relaxes muscles. That is why pitchers in baseball have a hot towel on their throwing arm. You want ice immediately applied so it can stop the swelling. Ice is a vaso- constrictor. A vaso-constrictor narrows the veins so the blood can’t get to the hurt part of your body. You should relax the spot so it doesn’t get any worse, or cause more swelling. If you swell up too much in one spot, that spot can go numb.
Feel the Burn
If you pull a pull, or strain a muscle you don’t want to put ice on it, because ice mainly stops swelling. You want to apply heat. If you don’t apply heat, the situation can get bad. If you apply ice instead of heat, your muscle will get stiff, you will make it worse, and you will hurt your muscle because the veins will narrow and you stop most circulation in your spot that you hurt. If you pull your muscle you should relax it and keep calm. If you try to move it before it is healed, you will probably make things worse.
You are walking down the street, and you notice there’s something on your leg. It’s a big, bad, black and blue! A black and blue is actually some ruptured blood vessels. A bruise forms when you hit the soft skin tissue in your body. Some people don’t bruise as easily because they have harder skin tissue. When the soft skin tissue is injured, small veins under the skin sometimes break. Red blood vessels leak red blood cells. The blood cells that are collected make that reddish, bluish, or blackish mark. That’s where “Black and Blues” get their name. The color of the mark under your skin. Bruises go through colorful changes as the body begins to heal itself. The color changes mean that your body is metabolizing, or breaking down, the blood cells in the skin.
Applying Ice
If you’re playing outside and you fall and hurt your knee, you don’t want to put heat on it. You don’t want to put heat on it because heat mainly relaxes muscles. That is why pitchers in baseball have a hot towel on their throwing arm. You want ice immediately applied so it can stop the swelling. Ice is a vaso- constrictor. A vaso-constrictor narrows the veins so the blood can’t get to the hurt part of your body. You should relax the spot so it doesn’t get any worse, or cause more swelling. If you swell up too much in one spot, that spot can go numb.
Feel the Burn
If you pull a pull, or strain a muscle you don’t want to put ice on it, because ice mainly stops swelling. You want to apply heat. If you don’t apply heat, the situation can get bad. If you apply ice instead of heat, your muscle will get stiff, you will make it worse, and you will hurt your muscle because the veins will narrow and you stop most circulation in your spot that you hurt. If you pull your muscle you should relax it and keep calm. If you try to move it before it is healed, you will probably make things worse.
The Sky's Different Colors
By Marisa
What makes the sky change colors?
Have you ever walked on the beach and looked up at the sky and thought, “Why does the sky change colors?” or are looking at the sky in the morning and wonder “Why is it orange and yellow instead of blue?” Read the article below to find out more information.
The Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a mix of gas molecules and some other materials surrounding the earth. It is made out of mostly gases for example nitrogen (78%) and also oxygen (21%). Some other things about the atmosphere are that argon gas and water are also some of the gas molecules. The composition of the atmosphere varies, depending on where your location is, and a lot of different things too.
The Colors of the Rainbow
Whatever way you look at the sky, from space or even here on earth, the sky will look a color like blue while the clouds look white. The reason why this happens is NOT because there are colorful pigments in atmosphere. It’s due to the reaction of the sunlight with air molecules. Sunlight consists of white light, which is a combination all the colors in the rainbow.
The Sky Changing Colors
The sky changes colors because of all the particles in the atmosphere absorb and will scatter light, and that’s why we see color. However, not all wavelengths in the visible light spectrum scatter as equally. The light toward the violet end of the spectrum which has shorter wavelengths, so that means it has a lot more energy scatter better than the ones that are longer, less energetic on the red end. This tendency is due to the fact that the sky has high energy, which can allow them to reflect and scatter around more.
The Sky’s Different Colors
The colors in the sky are created because the atmosphere between the sun and the earth consists of many different particles and also many different chemicals. The sky directly surrounding the earth though, mainly consists of nitrogen and oxygen molecules as well as the dust kicked up by humans and animals on the earth’s surface. So when the light hits all these particles it is broken up and the different wavelengths are scattered in all sorts of different directions.
Conclusion
Most people usually go through the whole day without even noticing what is happening in the sky above them. I have learned that the sky changes color because of the atmosphere. I found it really interesting. So take a look at the sky and notice what is going on. Notice the difference between the sunrise and the sunset, a sunset in a city and a rural area.
Have you ever walked on the beach and looked up at the sky and thought, “Why does the sky change colors?” or are looking at the sky in the morning and wonder “Why is it orange and yellow instead of blue?” Read the article below to find out more information.
The Atmosphere
The atmosphere is a mix of gas molecules and some other materials surrounding the earth. It is made out of mostly gases for example nitrogen (78%) and also oxygen (21%). Some other things about the atmosphere are that argon gas and water are also some of the gas molecules. The composition of the atmosphere varies, depending on where your location is, and a lot of different things too.
The Colors of the Rainbow
Whatever way you look at the sky, from space or even here on earth, the sky will look a color like blue while the clouds look white. The reason why this happens is NOT because there are colorful pigments in atmosphere. It’s due to the reaction of the sunlight with air molecules. Sunlight consists of white light, which is a combination all the colors in the rainbow.
The Sky Changing Colors
The sky changes colors because of all the particles in the atmosphere absorb and will scatter light, and that’s why we see color. However, not all wavelengths in the visible light spectrum scatter as equally. The light toward the violet end of the spectrum which has shorter wavelengths, so that means it has a lot more energy scatter better than the ones that are longer, less energetic on the red end. This tendency is due to the fact that the sky has high energy, which can allow them to reflect and scatter around more.
The Sky’s Different Colors
The colors in the sky are created because the atmosphere between the sun and the earth consists of many different particles and also many different chemicals. The sky directly surrounding the earth though, mainly consists of nitrogen and oxygen molecules as well as the dust kicked up by humans and animals on the earth’s surface. So when the light hits all these particles it is broken up and the different wavelengths are scattered in all sorts of different directions.
Conclusion
Most people usually go through the whole day without even noticing what is happening in the sky above them. I have learned that the sky changes color because of the atmosphere. I found it really interesting. So take a look at the sky and notice what is going on. Notice the difference between the sunrise and the sunset, a sunset in a city and a rural area.
To Fly Or Not To Fly
By Gabe A.
MASTERING FLIGHT
Everybody knows the masters of the skies are the birds. Birds took to the skies many millions of years ago. As many people know, it takes adapting and learning to become such an amazing flyer. The birds did not wake up some early morning and say "Hay I have wings, and look I can fly”. Scientists think that birds evolved from the lizard. There is one lizard in particular, the Frill-necked lizard. It uses its strong back legs to run away. If it could open wings and fly, it would have a better chance of living.
Early Birds
Birds have flown the skies for millions of years, longer than humans have existed. The first bird on this planet was the archaeopteryx. It lived 150 million years ago. It would have flown from one tree to another in search of its food: small rodents, bugs, and lizards.
There were also many other birds but birds were bigger than the ones we have now. There was the feared "Phorusrhacidae." It was 1-3 meters tall and one of the largest birds known to man. Its huge beak was as big as a 4th graders arm! This huge bird looked a lot like a chicken but bigger with an elongated beak. It was flightless. But it was not the only huge bird. "Argentavis magnificens" was the size of a small school bus! And it flew through the prehistoric skies. It looked like a crow but it has a larger beak.
Why Did Birds Abandon land?
Most likely birds left the land to keep from harm’s way. Opening wings and taking to the sky would help if a land predator is hunting. Less capable birds would die if birds couldn’t fly. For instance, the sea gull, a common bird you see around the water. It is an excellent flier. At the beach you see children chasing them. If birds were unable to fly birds would die because of land predators. The chickadee is an example also. If the thing could not fly a cat would eat it.
The second most likely reason birds fly was the same reason we get in airplanes, to go somewhere. The need to travel works with the saying, "the grass is greener on the other side," it means if you need food and there is no food were you are, it would be a great to be able to fly.
How Do Birds Do It?
Birds like everybody knows fly. Their secret has been kept for many years, but now humans have cracked the code. Here are 5 key facts to know about flying:
Birds have special features on their wings that trap air for lift.
The wing is made of a perfect feather sequence, as you can see the wing is made up of 7 parts.
Birds all flap there wings, each bird has a unique flap. Bird’s wings are a unique shape. This shape is perfect for the bird’s life. For example. The falcon’s wings are long and pointy made for the dive. Hawks on the other hand have broad wings for soaring.
Birds keep aerodynamic so birds slice through the air in a streamline position.
The humming bird is the master of flight. It has put on an act of flips, upside down swerves, and many more amazing acts. After watching this bird I came to wonder how birds do it. The humming bird’s flight is a known amazement. The secret of the flight is wing flapping. The humming bird knows the perfect wing pattern to make flips easy.
The Peregrine Falcon is the fastest animal. It can dive up to 350mph. It is United States' strongest bird. The falcon’s wings help this bird to make a dive. The wings are shaped like the back fins of a rocket. The falcon is very aerodynamic so it can dive super-fast. The falcon nests in cliffs near the ocean where it’s pray (pigeons) lives.
Why Some Fly and Others Don’t
The thing is that many people think birds are only flying creatures. But there are over 40 species of flightless birds. Some adapted to run, like the Ostrich that can run 40 miles an hour, others have even started to dig like the nocturnal kiwi bird that lives in a burro. The reason most fly is to escape predators like cats or to find food, as explained above. Some birds have a ton of food, and no predators where birds live birds just might lose the ability to fly.
One bird in particular, the dodo bird, lived peacefully for many years until the humans came and killed them all. Before humans came bird grazed in grassed in herds, along the coastline. The penguin is another great example of an animal with no land predators and a ton of food, fish. These Arctic fellows are fantastic survivors in the wild waters.
This is why and how birds fly, from the early the first bird to the birds today some fly and others don’t. The animal kingdom would not be the same without the masters of flight.
Everybody knows the masters of the skies are the birds. Birds took to the skies many millions of years ago. As many people know, it takes adapting and learning to become such an amazing flyer. The birds did not wake up some early morning and say "Hay I have wings, and look I can fly”. Scientists think that birds evolved from the lizard. There is one lizard in particular, the Frill-necked lizard. It uses its strong back legs to run away. If it could open wings and fly, it would have a better chance of living.
Early Birds
Birds have flown the skies for millions of years, longer than humans have existed. The first bird on this planet was the archaeopteryx. It lived 150 million years ago. It would have flown from one tree to another in search of its food: small rodents, bugs, and lizards.
There were also many other birds but birds were bigger than the ones we have now. There was the feared "Phorusrhacidae." It was 1-3 meters tall and one of the largest birds known to man. Its huge beak was as big as a 4th graders arm! This huge bird looked a lot like a chicken but bigger with an elongated beak. It was flightless. But it was not the only huge bird. "Argentavis magnificens" was the size of a small school bus! And it flew through the prehistoric skies. It looked like a crow but it has a larger beak.
Why Did Birds Abandon land?
Most likely birds left the land to keep from harm’s way. Opening wings and taking to the sky would help if a land predator is hunting. Less capable birds would die if birds couldn’t fly. For instance, the sea gull, a common bird you see around the water. It is an excellent flier. At the beach you see children chasing them. If birds were unable to fly birds would die because of land predators. The chickadee is an example also. If the thing could not fly a cat would eat it.
The second most likely reason birds fly was the same reason we get in airplanes, to go somewhere. The need to travel works with the saying, "the grass is greener on the other side," it means if you need food and there is no food were you are, it would be a great to be able to fly.
How Do Birds Do It?
Birds like everybody knows fly. Their secret has been kept for many years, but now humans have cracked the code. Here are 5 key facts to know about flying:
Birds have special features on their wings that trap air for lift.
The wing is made of a perfect feather sequence, as you can see the wing is made up of 7 parts.
Birds all flap there wings, each bird has a unique flap. Bird’s wings are a unique shape. This shape is perfect for the bird’s life. For example. The falcon’s wings are long and pointy made for the dive. Hawks on the other hand have broad wings for soaring.
Birds keep aerodynamic so birds slice through the air in a streamline position.
The humming bird is the master of flight. It has put on an act of flips, upside down swerves, and many more amazing acts. After watching this bird I came to wonder how birds do it. The humming bird’s flight is a known amazement. The secret of the flight is wing flapping. The humming bird knows the perfect wing pattern to make flips easy.
The Peregrine Falcon is the fastest animal. It can dive up to 350mph. It is United States' strongest bird. The falcon’s wings help this bird to make a dive. The wings are shaped like the back fins of a rocket. The falcon is very aerodynamic so it can dive super-fast. The falcon nests in cliffs near the ocean where it’s pray (pigeons) lives.
Why Some Fly and Others Don’t
The thing is that many people think birds are only flying creatures. But there are over 40 species of flightless birds. Some adapted to run, like the Ostrich that can run 40 miles an hour, others have even started to dig like the nocturnal kiwi bird that lives in a burro. The reason most fly is to escape predators like cats or to find food, as explained above. Some birds have a ton of food, and no predators where birds live birds just might lose the ability to fly.
One bird in particular, the dodo bird, lived peacefully for many years until the humans came and killed them all. Before humans came bird grazed in grassed in herds, along the coastline. The penguin is another great example of an animal with no land predators and a ton of food, fish. These Arctic fellows are fantastic survivors in the wild waters.
This is why and how birds fly, from the early the first bird to the birds today some fly and others don’t. The animal kingdom would not be the same without the masters of flight.
How Do We Dream?
By Bianca
Have you ever wondered how many dreams you have had a night, or have thought about why you see things you have dreamed about? Well if you have this is the right report for you. It answers questions like how many dreams we have a night, and answers questions like why we see things that we have dreamed about and many more dreaming questions. Let’s just say that if you have ever wondered about dreaming then this will be something interesting for you.
How Many Dreams We Have a Night
While you sleep every night you dream. You can have 4 to 7dreams a night and they last up to 1 to 2 hours. You can even forget 90% of your dreams once you wake up.
We Only See People We Know
While we dream we can only see people we know. Sometimes you may not recognize the people in your dreams, but since we see hundreds or thousands of people in our life you may forget what some of them look like.
REM
While we dream every night REM (rapid eye movement) occurs. During REM your eyes move rapidly while your eyes are closed. Even though REM is unfamiliar to us it happens to you a lot. When REM happens to you, you are paralyzed by a mechanism in your brain that stops you from moving during a dream. REM happens to you 90 to 120 minutes of your night’s sleep.
Sounds in Dreams
While you dream you can do something amazing. While you are dreaming you can incorporate sounds you hear in real life in your dream. For example, while you are sleeping your sister is playing rock music, and you could be dreaming about a rock concert.
Dreaming in Black and White
Did you know that not everybody dreams in color? Survey shows that 12% of people dream in black and white and the rest of the 88% dream in color. In 1915 to the 1950’s most people dreamed in black and white, but in the 1960’s this changed. The reason why is because in the early 1900’s people had black and white TV’s instead of color.
How Men and Woman Dream
Don’t you think that it is weird that men and woman dream differently? Did you know that men usually dream more about other men? So if you’re a man you are going to dream more about men than women. Women’s dreams have close to an equal amount of men and women.
Precognitive Dreaming
Between 18% and 38% of people have had at least had one precognitive dream. Precognitive dreaming means that when you dream it can happen in real life. Like if you dream about lifting your foot up while it is covered in sand. Precognitive dreaming can happen to you the next day after the dream, so if you lift your foot out of the sand one day later and it looks the same as in your dream you have experienced a precognitive dream. 63% to 98% of people think that precognitive dreaming is possible.
I think dreaming is really interesting. Scientists are still trying to figure more about dreaming and how it works. I am looking forward to find out more about dreaming, are you too?
How Many Dreams We Have a Night
While you sleep every night you dream. You can have 4 to 7dreams a night and they last up to 1 to 2 hours. You can even forget 90% of your dreams once you wake up.
We Only See People We Know
While we dream we can only see people we know. Sometimes you may not recognize the people in your dreams, but since we see hundreds or thousands of people in our life you may forget what some of them look like.
REM
While we dream every night REM (rapid eye movement) occurs. During REM your eyes move rapidly while your eyes are closed. Even though REM is unfamiliar to us it happens to you a lot. When REM happens to you, you are paralyzed by a mechanism in your brain that stops you from moving during a dream. REM happens to you 90 to 120 minutes of your night’s sleep.
Sounds in Dreams
While you dream you can do something amazing. While you are dreaming you can incorporate sounds you hear in real life in your dream. For example, while you are sleeping your sister is playing rock music, and you could be dreaming about a rock concert.
Dreaming in Black and White
Did you know that not everybody dreams in color? Survey shows that 12% of people dream in black and white and the rest of the 88% dream in color. In 1915 to the 1950’s most people dreamed in black and white, but in the 1960’s this changed. The reason why is because in the early 1900’s people had black and white TV’s instead of color.
How Men and Woman Dream
Don’t you think that it is weird that men and woman dream differently? Did you know that men usually dream more about other men? So if you’re a man you are going to dream more about men than women. Women’s dreams have close to an equal amount of men and women.
Precognitive Dreaming
Between 18% and 38% of people have had at least had one precognitive dream. Precognitive dreaming means that when you dream it can happen in real life. Like if you dream about lifting your foot up while it is covered in sand. Precognitive dreaming can happen to you the next day after the dream, so if you lift your foot out of the sand one day later and it looks the same as in your dream you have experienced a precognitive dream. 63% to 98% of people think that precognitive dreaming is possible.
I think dreaming is really interesting. Scientists are still trying to figure more about dreaming and how it works. I am looking forward to find out more about dreaming, are you too?
Is the Ocean Water Really Blue?
By Meaghan
Is the Ocean Water Blue?
The real color of the ocean is clear. Many people think it is blue. When you go under water you can clearly see the color of water. The color is clear. If water had no color, then oceans would be grey or black. Particles in the water can absorb light, scatter light, and reflect light. If there is a lot of and the water is very deep so that there are no reflections off the sea floor, the water appears as a very navy blue.
Where Does the Blue in the Ocean Come From?
The blue in the ocean is an illusion of the sky reflecting on the water. Deep water only transmits a small amount of blue light so it appears blue or black. The ocean water absorbs the blue light in the sky. If you gazed downward into deep water, reflections are minimized and you can see the waters true color.
Why Is The Ocean Green Sometimes?
Sometimes the ocean is green because the presence of algae and plant life. The green is due to massive algae that are the stuff whales feed on. The algae reflect only the green portion of the spectrum.
Algae
Algae is a type of plant that produces 80% of world’s oxygen through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesis foods from carbon dioxide and water. There is a lot of algae in the oceans, hence, green oceans. Algae are simple plants that can range from microalgae, to large seaweeds, such as giant kelp more than one hundred feet in length. Microalgae include both cyanobacteria, [formerly called blue-green algae] as well as green, brown, and red algae. There are more varieties of algae but these are the main ones.
How Algae Grows
Algae is a large variety of organisms, from those that appears as a green stain on a damp rock and tree trunks to those that form a fine scum on quiet ponds and the massive seaweeds that float.
I have learned a lot about the ocean water like it really isn’t blue, it’s just an illusion of the sky, and also about Algae. At first I never even heard of algae, but now I know what it is. Thank you for reading.
The real color of the ocean is clear. Many people think it is blue. When you go under water you can clearly see the color of water. The color is clear. If water had no color, then oceans would be grey or black. Particles in the water can absorb light, scatter light, and reflect light. If there is a lot of and the water is very deep so that there are no reflections off the sea floor, the water appears as a very navy blue.
Where Does the Blue in the Ocean Come From?
The blue in the ocean is an illusion of the sky reflecting on the water. Deep water only transmits a small amount of blue light so it appears blue or black. The ocean water absorbs the blue light in the sky. If you gazed downward into deep water, reflections are minimized and you can see the waters true color.
Why Is The Ocean Green Sometimes?
Sometimes the ocean is green because the presence of algae and plant life. The green is due to massive algae that are the stuff whales feed on. The algae reflect only the green portion of the spectrum.
Algae
Algae is a type of plant that produces 80% of world’s oxygen through photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesis foods from carbon dioxide and water. There is a lot of algae in the oceans, hence, green oceans. Algae are simple plants that can range from microalgae, to large seaweeds, such as giant kelp more than one hundred feet in length. Microalgae include both cyanobacteria, [formerly called blue-green algae] as well as green, brown, and red algae. There are more varieties of algae but these are the main ones.
How Algae Grows
Algae is a large variety of organisms, from those that appears as a green stain on a damp rock and tree trunks to those that form a fine scum on quiet ponds and the massive seaweeds that float.
I have learned a lot about the ocean water like it really isn’t blue, it’s just an illusion of the sky, and also about Algae. At first I never even heard of algae, but now I know what it is. Thank you for reading.
Why Do We Need Oxygen?
By Maggie
Oxygen-An Essential Part of Life
Oxygen is so important, almost all living cells need it to survive. The only cells that don’t need it are anaerobic bacteria, and the definition of anaerobic bacteria states that they don’t need oxygen to survive. Air is 21% oxygen. Oxygen is the most common element in the Earth’s crust and the third most common element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. It is the 8th element in the Periodic Table of Elements.
The Process of Breathing
Every time you inhale, the process of breathing starts to happen. Oxygen is essential in the 5th step.
First, muscles expand your chest and air pressure causes air to rush inside. Air pressure is the force that is applied by air molecules. The molecules have weight, and the weight presses down on you.
How Our Bodies Use Oxygen
Your body uses oxygen for a process called cellular respiration. In cellular respiration, the mitochondria turn food molecules into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a high energy molecule. ATP gives cells their energy.
Why We Exhale Carbon Dioxide
We exhale CO2 because it is a byproduct of what your body does with oxygen, as described above. The mitochondria produce CO2 while processing oxygen to power cells. Since the CO2 is unnecessary, hemoglobin in your blood takes it back to your lungs. So when you exhale, the CO2 gets out of your body.
After gathering my information and organizing it into a report, I realized that I had learned a lot about how the body works. Now that you have read my report, I hope you learned just as much as I did. Next time you take a breath, you now know what is happening.
Oxygen is so important, almost all living cells need it to survive. The only cells that don’t need it are anaerobic bacteria, and the definition of anaerobic bacteria states that they don’t need oxygen to survive. Air is 21% oxygen. Oxygen is the most common element in the Earth’s crust and the third most common element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. It is the 8th element in the Periodic Table of Elements.
The Process of Breathing
Every time you inhale, the process of breathing starts to happen. Oxygen is essential in the 5th step.
First, muscles expand your chest and air pressure causes air to rush inside. Air pressure is the force that is applied by air molecules. The molecules have weight, and the weight presses down on you.
- As air passes through your lungs, it is moistened, cleaned, and warmed. It is warmed by the mucous membranes of the nose and mouth. The mucous membranes make mucus (but if it comes out of your nose, you might call it boogers).
- The air continues through tube-like structures, called bronchioles, until it reaches the smallest air sacs, otherwise known as alveoli.
- The air goes through the thin walls of the alveoli and into the surrounding capillaries, which are small blood vessels.
- When the oxygen gets into the blood, hemoglobin in the red blood cells, which gives blood its color, carries it to the heart, which pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all parts of the body.
- The cells’ energy station, called mitochondria, processes the oxygen to power the cells. Part of this process produces CO2, commonly known as carbon dioxide.
- Hemoglobin carries the CO2 to the lungs, where it is released back into the atmosphere when you breathe out.
How Our Bodies Use Oxygen
Your body uses oxygen for a process called cellular respiration. In cellular respiration, the mitochondria turn food molecules into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is a high energy molecule. ATP gives cells their energy.
Why We Exhale Carbon Dioxide
We exhale CO2 because it is a byproduct of what your body does with oxygen, as described above. The mitochondria produce CO2 while processing oxygen to power cells. Since the CO2 is unnecessary, hemoglobin in your blood takes it back to your lungs. So when you exhale, the CO2 gets out of your body.
After gathering my information and organizing it into a report, I realized that I had learned a lot about how the body works. Now that you have read my report, I hope you learned just as much as I did. Next time you take a breath, you now know what is happening.
The History of Pi
By Audrey
Have you ever wondered what Pi is? Yes, it is a food but that’s not the “Pi” I’m talking about.
Pi is the number 3.14159... It has a long, interesting, and amazing history! Pi is an irrational number. That means the decimal places in Pi go on forever. It is used to calculate the area of a circle. The ratio of the circumference to the diameter is constant and is called Pi. The circumference is the distance around a circle and the diameter is the distance across a circle. Pi is pronounced as “pie.” became the symbol for Pi in 1737.
Babylonians
Babylonians are people who live in Babylonia, which is an ancient Akkadian speaking state in present day Iraq. Babylonians found out the area of a circle by multiplying 3x the radius. They thought = 3 or Pi = 3. One old Babylonian tablet made Pi a little more precise. The tablet says that 3.125 or 3 1/8 =Pi.
The Bible Verse Representing Pi
The ratio of 3:1 is in this bible verse from Kings 7, 3; and Chronicles 4, 2. “And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from one brim to the other: it was all round about, his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty did compass it about.”
This means that the diameter of the molten sea was ten cubits, the radius was five cubits, and the circumference was thirty cubits. A cubit is a unit of measurement. As you can see Pi has been around for thousands of years from Babylonians to us. It even has a verse in the bible!
Archimedes’ Method
The first academic calculation to find the value of Pi was done by Archimedes of Syracuse. Archimedes was one of the brilliant and great ancient mathematicians. Archimedes found out that 223÷ 71 < < 22÷ 7. Archimedes’s method for calculating Pi is:
“The approximate area of a circle lies between areas of the encircled and inscribed hexagons.”
Encircle means to surround. Inscribe means to draw one shape inside another shape so that the inner shape is entirely inside the outer one, touching the outer shape at as many points as possible.
Other Great Mathematicians
Many other people found ways for calculating Pi. Ancient Egyptians found the area of a circle by using this formula: [(8d) ÷9]2 . In this formula d is a variable. This formula shows that the approximate value of Pi is 3.1605.
James Gregory (1638-1675) was a mathematician that used this formula to calculate the approximate value of pi: ÷4=1-1÷3+1÷5-1÷7. That’s complicated!!!
In 1706 John Machin, another mathematician, developed this formula based on James Gregory’s formula. Machin’s formula is still used today by computer programmers. This is Machin’s formula. /4= 4 arctan (1/5) - arctan (1/239).Also so complex!!!
Well that’s the history of Pi. Now you can go eat the food pie. I hope you liked reading my essay. I learned a lot.
Pi is the number 3.14159... It has a long, interesting, and amazing history! Pi is an irrational number. That means the decimal places in Pi go on forever. It is used to calculate the area of a circle. The ratio of the circumference to the diameter is constant and is called Pi. The circumference is the distance around a circle and the diameter is the distance across a circle. Pi is pronounced as “pie.” became the symbol for Pi in 1737.
Babylonians
Babylonians are people who live in Babylonia, which is an ancient Akkadian speaking state in present day Iraq. Babylonians found out the area of a circle by multiplying 3x the radius. They thought = 3 or Pi = 3. One old Babylonian tablet made Pi a little more precise. The tablet says that 3.125 or 3 1/8 =Pi.
The Bible Verse Representing Pi
The ratio of 3:1 is in this bible verse from Kings 7, 3; and Chronicles 4, 2. “And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from one brim to the other: it was all round about, his height was five cubits: and a line of thirty did compass it about.”
This means that the diameter of the molten sea was ten cubits, the radius was five cubits, and the circumference was thirty cubits. A cubit is a unit of measurement. As you can see Pi has been around for thousands of years from Babylonians to us. It even has a verse in the bible!
Archimedes’ Method
The first academic calculation to find the value of Pi was done by Archimedes of Syracuse. Archimedes was one of the brilliant and great ancient mathematicians. Archimedes found out that 223÷ 71 < < 22÷ 7. Archimedes’s method for calculating Pi is:
“The approximate area of a circle lies between areas of the encircled and inscribed hexagons.”
Encircle means to surround. Inscribe means to draw one shape inside another shape so that the inner shape is entirely inside the outer one, touching the outer shape at as many points as possible.
Other Great Mathematicians
Many other people found ways for calculating Pi. Ancient Egyptians found the area of a circle by using this formula: [(8d) ÷9]2 . In this formula d is a variable. This formula shows that the approximate value of Pi is 3.1605.
James Gregory (1638-1675) was a mathematician that used this formula to calculate the approximate value of pi: ÷4=1-1÷3+1÷5-1÷7. That’s complicated!!!
In 1706 John Machin, another mathematician, developed this formula based on James Gregory’s formula. Machin’s formula is still used today by computer programmers. This is Machin’s formula. /4= 4 arctan (1/5) - arctan (1/239).Also so complex!!!
Well that’s the history of Pi. Now you can go eat the food pie. I hope you liked reading my essay. I learned a lot.
How to Stay on a Roller Coaster
By Ava
If you’re scared to go upside down on a rollercoaster at an amusement park, well you shouldn’t be. Here’s why.
Rollercoaster Design
Did you know that the loops on the rollercoaster have to be an elliptical circle instead of a perfect one? The loops on a rollercoaster have to be elliptical circle instead of a perfect one because if they are perfect circles the force will be too strong for comfort and safety. Also the designs in the wheel structure prevent the cart from flipping of the track.
Testing with Dummies
People that work at amusement parks test the rollercoaster with heavy sand bags that they use as dummies to see if the ride is safe for visitors to use. Once they test the rollercoaster to see if it’s safe for us to ride on, the staff gets the first ride (the ride after the “dummies”).
Gravity
Do you know that motion of going around a loop on a rollercoaster can counteract gravity? Gravity is always acting on your body, pulling you towards the Earth. Although gravity is pulling you toward the earth, at the very top of the loop, centripetal force is stronger than gravity. Centripetal force acts on the roller coaster car with a direction towards the center of the loop. This force has an opposite, one that acts on the car and people in it at the same time, in a direction exactly opposite, outside of the loop. This “counter” force to centripetal force pushes you to the outer part of the loop while you go around it.
Inertia
Inertia is an applied force. Applied force is when you move it. Some different types of forces besides inertia are magnetic forces, and gravitational forces. Inertia pushes you to the outer part of the loop while you’re going around. So you stay in the cart while you are going around.
1) An object in motion tends to stay in motion.
2) An object at rest tends to stay at rest.
The first one means that when you are going around the loop and there was no track you would go in on direction. And the second one means if the roller coaster was still it will stay that way.
I have learned that inertia, gravity, rollercoaster designs, and centripetal force keep you in the rollercoaster when you’re upside down. But always remember to fasten your seat belt or you will fall out of a rollercoaster when it’s upside down.
Rollercoaster Design
Did you know that the loops on the rollercoaster have to be an elliptical circle instead of a perfect one? The loops on a rollercoaster have to be elliptical circle instead of a perfect one because if they are perfect circles the force will be too strong for comfort and safety. Also the designs in the wheel structure prevent the cart from flipping of the track.
Testing with Dummies
People that work at amusement parks test the rollercoaster with heavy sand bags that they use as dummies to see if the ride is safe for visitors to use. Once they test the rollercoaster to see if it’s safe for us to ride on, the staff gets the first ride (the ride after the “dummies”).
Gravity
Do you know that motion of going around a loop on a rollercoaster can counteract gravity? Gravity is always acting on your body, pulling you towards the Earth. Although gravity is pulling you toward the earth, at the very top of the loop, centripetal force is stronger than gravity. Centripetal force acts on the roller coaster car with a direction towards the center of the loop. This force has an opposite, one that acts on the car and people in it at the same time, in a direction exactly opposite, outside of the loop. This “counter” force to centripetal force pushes you to the outer part of the loop while you go around it.
Inertia
Inertia is an applied force. Applied force is when you move it. Some different types of forces besides inertia are magnetic forces, and gravitational forces. Inertia pushes you to the outer part of the loop while you’re going around. So you stay in the cart while you are going around.
1) An object in motion tends to stay in motion.
2) An object at rest tends to stay at rest.
The first one means that when you are going around the loop and there was no track you would go in on direction. And the second one means if the roller coaster was still it will stay that way.
I have learned that inertia, gravity, rollercoaster designs, and centripetal force keep you in the rollercoaster when you’re upside down. But always remember to fasten your seat belt or you will fall out of a rollercoaster when it’s upside down.
Lucid Dreaming
By Damon
The Human brain is a mysterious little ball of gray matter. Scientists still aren’t 100 percent sure how it works. Scientists have been doing dream and brain studies for more than 100 years now and they don’t know much about the function of sleeping or dreaming. Your brain gets millions of inputs each day. Dreaming is a very complex phenomenon that actually happens each and every night. Dreams are actually tied to how we form memories. Most adult dreams are actually tied to something that happened in their childhood 75 percent of the time. Kids on the other hand, dreaming is just an act of their imagination.
What is Dreaming?
Dreaming is when you fall asleep and slowly slip into your own reality. Nobody has the power to control what type of dream they have. Dreaming is actually a temporary imbalance in your brain occurring during sleep. If you say you didn’t have a dream last night that is a lie. On average a person usually has 4-7 dreams a night you just quickly forget them. Suppose you didn’t get any sleep last night; then your brain will resort to day-dreaming which are dreams or nightmares occurring while you are awake. Dreams are actually the experience of envisioned images, sounds, or other sensations during sleep. While sleeping your brain actually starts to mess with your imagination.
Nightmares (Disambiguation)
Scientists indicate that people that wake more during the night are more prone to nightmares. After a person wakes, the victim sits up breathing very hard with feelings of terror or dread. If a person has multiple nightmares night after night, the victim may require medical attention. Some studies show that people more sensitive, intuitive, creative or imaginative are more prone to nightmares.
Dream Journals
Dream journals are a special way I have found to recall dreams into having the same dreams the following night. To recall the dreams, every dream you have record it in some sort of notebook. Even if you didn’t have a dream, just log for the fun of it. To have the dream the following night is simple, just think about the dream while drifting off to sleep.
As you can see scientists are still experimenting with brain, sleep, and dream studies. The imagination is very complex and scientists are still trying to figure out how it works. Scientists are still trying to find the answer to the question “How does the brain work”. Even though they don’t know much about the concept, scientists have been doing these experiments over and over again. More than 100 years they have been doing this and scientists still haven’t found the answers.
What is Dreaming?
Dreaming is when you fall asleep and slowly slip into your own reality. Nobody has the power to control what type of dream they have. Dreaming is actually a temporary imbalance in your brain occurring during sleep. If you say you didn’t have a dream last night that is a lie. On average a person usually has 4-7 dreams a night you just quickly forget them. Suppose you didn’t get any sleep last night; then your brain will resort to day-dreaming which are dreams or nightmares occurring while you are awake. Dreams are actually the experience of envisioned images, sounds, or other sensations during sleep. While sleeping your brain actually starts to mess with your imagination.
Nightmares (Disambiguation)
Scientists indicate that people that wake more during the night are more prone to nightmares. After a person wakes, the victim sits up breathing very hard with feelings of terror or dread. If a person has multiple nightmares night after night, the victim may require medical attention. Some studies show that people more sensitive, intuitive, creative or imaginative are more prone to nightmares.
Dream Journals
Dream journals are a special way I have found to recall dreams into having the same dreams the following night. To recall the dreams, every dream you have record it in some sort of notebook. Even if you didn’t have a dream, just log for the fun of it. To have the dream the following night is simple, just think about the dream while drifting off to sleep.
As you can see scientists are still experimenting with brain, sleep, and dream studies. The imagination is very complex and scientists are still trying to figure out how it works. Scientists are still trying to find the answer to the question “How does the brain work”. Even though they don’t know much about the concept, scientists have been doing these experiments over and over again. More than 100 years they have been doing this and scientists still haven’t found the answers.
How Soap Kills Germs
By Austin
Have you ever wondered how soap kills bacteria? Well here is how It does it.
What Soap is Made Up Of
In general most soaps have chemicals that break down fats and oils and washes away any dirt or particles. Surface bacteria and viruses tend to be washed away. But that does not mean their exactly killed.
Different Types of Soap
Antibacterial soaps include one or a few antibacterial agents that prevents bacteria from reproducing. Normal soap can only kill a few germs.
If Soap is used for a long Time
If soaps are used for a long time germs will mutate and become immune to antibacterial qualities in the soap. Antibacterial soap cannot last for long without germs mutating and becoming immune to antibacterial soap qualities.
What Alcohol Hand Sanitizers do
Alcohol hand sanitizers doesn’t just get germs off of your hands it kills the germs. In thirty seconds washing your hands with soap and water only reduces thirty percent of filthy germs on your hands. When you wash your hands with hand sanitizer it gets rid of eighty three percent of germs off your hands.
History of Soap
Ancient people used wood ashes and water to wash their hands. Today soaps contain chemicals that break down fats and oils. Today we have antibacterial soaps that kill germs permanently. They did not have soaps like that back then.
How I think about soap now is different because now I know to wash my hands after touching anything.
What Soap is Made Up Of
In general most soaps have chemicals that break down fats and oils and washes away any dirt or particles. Surface bacteria and viruses tend to be washed away. But that does not mean their exactly killed.
Different Types of Soap
Antibacterial soaps include one or a few antibacterial agents that prevents bacteria from reproducing. Normal soap can only kill a few germs.
If Soap is used for a long Time
If soaps are used for a long time germs will mutate and become immune to antibacterial qualities in the soap. Antibacterial soap cannot last for long without germs mutating and becoming immune to antibacterial soap qualities.
What Alcohol Hand Sanitizers do
Alcohol hand sanitizers doesn’t just get germs off of your hands it kills the germs. In thirty seconds washing your hands with soap and water only reduces thirty percent of filthy germs on your hands. When you wash your hands with hand sanitizer it gets rid of eighty three percent of germs off your hands.
History of Soap
Ancient people used wood ashes and water to wash their hands. Today soaps contain chemicals that break down fats and oils. Today we have antibacterial soaps that kill germs permanently. They did not have soaps like that back then.
How I think about soap now is different because now I know to wash my hands after touching anything.
How Computers Connect
By Owen
The Different Types of Connections
Have you ever wondered how you email? How do you text friends? … and enemies these are questions that are about to be answered. There are three main types of connection: Shared Computing, Grid Computing, and Cloud Computing.
Shared Computing
Shared computing is one of the ways computers connect. With this type of network the boss of an office may look through documents using an access point. The access point will connect with all the other computers using a control node. The control node is the processor or the home base of the computer besides the computer network. It is crucial to the computer especially to PC (personal computers). Another other way shared computing may be used is when investigating a crime. Federal agents from the C.I.A. or F.B.I. may look through files to find a culprit.
Grid Computing
Computers will also connect from the control node completely this is called Grid computing because it connects strait to the computer network threw the Grid which circles the earth using satellites. The computer network is the heart or hub of all computers. It’s the thing that lets you to send emails in the first place! It also allows you to text, face time, play social games, and even go on face book and Minecraft! Yes the network is wonderful.
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is by far the most popular type of computing, whether the computer is a Mac or a PC. The way it works is the computer connects to the control node which connects to the database and both of them connect to the computer network. The database is the storage device that keeps all the documents, videos, websites, and exedra. This device also allows you to save things and store old emails.
When using the internet or being on Instagram it is important to know why you can do that in the first place. What is the computer of tomorrow? What will it look like? Our generation may never know.
Have you ever wondered how you email? How do you text friends? … and enemies these are questions that are about to be answered. There are three main types of connection: Shared Computing, Grid Computing, and Cloud Computing.
Shared Computing
Shared computing is one of the ways computers connect. With this type of network the boss of an office may look through documents using an access point. The access point will connect with all the other computers using a control node. The control node is the processor or the home base of the computer besides the computer network. It is crucial to the computer especially to PC (personal computers). Another other way shared computing may be used is when investigating a crime. Federal agents from the C.I.A. or F.B.I. may look through files to find a culprit.
Grid Computing
Computers will also connect from the control node completely this is called Grid computing because it connects strait to the computer network threw the Grid which circles the earth using satellites. The computer network is the heart or hub of all computers. It’s the thing that lets you to send emails in the first place! It also allows you to text, face time, play social games, and even go on face book and Minecraft! Yes the network is wonderful.
Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is by far the most popular type of computing, whether the computer is a Mac or a PC. The way it works is the computer connects to the control node which connects to the database and both of them connect to the computer network. The database is the storage device that keeps all the documents, videos, websites, and exedra. This device also allows you to save things and store old emails.
When using the internet or being on Instagram it is important to know why you can do that in the first place. What is the computer of tomorrow? What will it look like? Our generation may never know.
How Does the Windows Operating System Work?
By Sam
The Start of the OS:
The OS (operating system) first came out in the 50’s. Back then you could only run one program at a time. Imagine only one program at a time. We usually run two to five at a time on average. It also did not have a desktop like all computers have these days. A desktop is where you keep all your things like website links, trash, and other things you download. The desktop didn’t come up till the mid 70’s.
The Major OS:
The major types of OS are Windows, Apple, and Android. Windows Seven is now the most used OS on computers today. It is so popular I am using it right now. As of a few months ago it was more used then Windows XP.
The OS’s Use:
The OS main use is to keep the computer running smoothly. It is the thing that talks to the hard drive to make it keep working properly. Without an OS a computer wouldn’t be able to use word or be able to go on to the internet. So the OS is the most important part of the computer. Without it computers would just be a screen with nothing else.
Fun facts About the OS:
The first OS to come out was in 1950. The first windows to come out came out in 1986 and it sold for $100.00. That is a 36 year difference. Windows was originally going to be called OP 1392 but was changed to windows because it sounded better.
Conclusion
The OS is just what tells the hard drive to do what. So without it the computer would not run like it runs now. This is why we need OS.
The OS (operating system) first came out in the 50’s. Back then you could only run one program at a time. Imagine only one program at a time. We usually run two to five at a time on average. It also did not have a desktop like all computers have these days. A desktop is where you keep all your things like website links, trash, and other things you download. The desktop didn’t come up till the mid 70’s.
The Major OS:
The major types of OS are Windows, Apple, and Android. Windows Seven is now the most used OS on computers today. It is so popular I am using it right now. As of a few months ago it was more used then Windows XP.
The OS’s Use:
The OS main use is to keep the computer running smoothly. It is the thing that talks to the hard drive to make it keep working properly. Without an OS a computer wouldn’t be able to use word or be able to go on to the internet. So the OS is the most important part of the computer. Without it computers would just be a screen with nothing else.
Fun facts About the OS:
The first OS to come out was in 1950. The first windows to come out came out in 1986 and it sold for $100.00. That is a 36 year difference. Windows was originally going to be called OP 1392 but was changed to windows because it sounded better.
Conclusion
The OS is just what tells the hard drive to do what. So without it the computer would not run like it runs now. This is why we need OS.
Lucid Dreaming
By Medha
What is a Dream?
First of all, what is a dream? Let’s just answer that basic question. A dream can include thoughts and emotions that are experienced in sleep. Your brain reveals your deepest thoughts, feelings and fears. Here is another explanation. Dreams are also really just stories and images our mind creates when we are sleeping.
What is Lucid Dreaming?
Lucid dreaming means that you are dreaming, but you know that you’re dreaming. It’s pretty amazing.
How Much Sleep do we need?
Newborns sleep 15 to 18 hours a day. Kids that are 3 to 6 years old need 10 to 12 hours. The average for kids that are twelve years old is 10 to 11 hours. Most adults need about 7 to 8 hours of sleep. Here’s a little tip you might want to know about sleeping. Make sure you always turn off the television so that you can get a good night sleep.
Dreaming
Did you know that when your brain gets active, there are small electrical currents that can also be detected on the surface of your head! It’s really weird. Two schools, one a physiological school, and the other, a psychological school, agree that we dream during REM. REM stands for rapid eye movement. REM is another thing that can happen during sleep. The psychological schools are the greatest classical theories of psychology.
What Happens During Dreams?
When you are dreaming, in your mind you only see people you know or you have seen before. Most people spend only 1.5 to 2 hours dreaming. But how do we know that? We know that because we mostly study people when they are sleeping.
What we still don’t know
Some researchers still don’t know the purpose of dreams. Other researchers think there is no purpose at all.
As you know, this question still has to be answered. This question is really important because scientists are still trying to figure out why we dream.
First of all, what is a dream? Let’s just answer that basic question. A dream can include thoughts and emotions that are experienced in sleep. Your brain reveals your deepest thoughts, feelings and fears. Here is another explanation. Dreams are also really just stories and images our mind creates when we are sleeping.
What is Lucid Dreaming?
Lucid dreaming means that you are dreaming, but you know that you’re dreaming. It’s pretty amazing.
How Much Sleep do we need?
Newborns sleep 15 to 18 hours a day. Kids that are 3 to 6 years old need 10 to 12 hours. The average for kids that are twelve years old is 10 to 11 hours. Most adults need about 7 to 8 hours of sleep. Here’s a little tip you might want to know about sleeping. Make sure you always turn off the television so that you can get a good night sleep.
Dreaming
Did you know that when your brain gets active, there are small electrical currents that can also be detected on the surface of your head! It’s really weird. Two schools, one a physiological school, and the other, a psychological school, agree that we dream during REM. REM stands for rapid eye movement. REM is another thing that can happen during sleep. The psychological schools are the greatest classical theories of psychology.
What Happens During Dreams?
When you are dreaming, in your mind you only see people you know or you have seen before. Most people spend only 1.5 to 2 hours dreaming. But how do we know that? We know that because we mostly study people when they are sleeping.
What we still don’t know
Some researchers still don’t know the purpose of dreams. Other researchers think there is no purpose at all.
As you know, this question still has to be answered. This question is really important because scientists are still trying to figure out why we dream.
What is Black and Blue?
By Samuel
How Do You Get Black and Blue?
Imagine getting whacked by a metal baseball bat. OW! A bruise also called contusion forms because of the soft tissues of the human body has been bumped. When these soft tissues are injured, small veins and capillaries [the tiniest of blood vessels] under the skin may break. Red blood cells leak of those vessels. The body goes through colorful changes as it starts to heal itself. The changes are called metabolizing. Metabolizing is the body breaking down.
Phases of the Bruise
You are still imagining about getting hit by that metal baseball bat. Here are the phases of what you are about to face. First it will start to look red or purple. In a couple of days it will look blackish and blue. 5 to 10 days it will look greenish and yellow. 10 to 14 days it will just be brown and fade away. The reason why it changes is because it is your body’s way of healing. That is how black and blue got its name.
How do you Care for a Bruise
Put ice on it for 24-28hrs
When to Call a Doctor
I think it helps because in the future I know I will have bruise and I will know how to treat them.
Imagine getting whacked by a metal baseball bat. OW! A bruise also called contusion forms because of the soft tissues of the human body has been bumped. When these soft tissues are injured, small veins and capillaries [the tiniest of blood vessels] under the skin may break. Red blood cells leak of those vessels. The body goes through colorful changes as it starts to heal itself. The changes are called metabolizing. Metabolizing is the body breaking down.
Phases of the Bruise
You are still imagining about getting hit by that metal baseball bat. Here are the phases of what you are about to face. First it will start to look red or purple. In a couple of days it will look blackish and blue. 5 to 10 days it will look greenish and yellow. 10 to 14 days it will just be brown and fade away. The reason why it changes is because it is your body’s way of healing. That is how black and blue got its name.
How do you Care for a Bruise
Put ice on it for 24-28hrs
- Apply ice every 15min
- After two days apply heat
- Rest the area
When to Call a Doctor
- If you can’t move a joint
- A broken bone
- Pain or swelling
- If it comes for no reason
- If it is on your head
- If it does not go in two weeks
I think it helps because in the future I know I will have bruise and I will know how to treat them.
How Do Birds Fly
By Jared
How do birds fly?
Birds are able to fly for a number of reasons. Their bodies have a lot of energy. They have very light bones too so it’s easy to fly. Some birds have feathers that are strong. Some of them are called flight feathers. The feathers are strong and able to make them lift. They have a bone in their chest, called “furcula”. Some people know it as the wish bone. The wish bone gives them strength to flap their wings.
The power of how they can fly.
Birds have muscles to power their wings to fly. When they flap their wings they can take off from the ground and glide. Their feathers are very important part of a bird’s wing. To lift or open up helps the bird’s wing to fall under the force of gravity. The birds can fully open and close their feathers to fly in the air.
Wings!
Once the birds are in the air, they beat their wings for speed and use their tails as rudders to change direction. Then when they stop their feet comes out and they turn their tails down, that slows them down, and that is how they land. It is kind of like an airplane landing. They make it look so easy! Take a look at the birds next time you see one fly past you. They are actually really interesting.
How can birds fly in the rain?
Birds fly by forcing air down with their wings. The feathers pivot to let the air pass through them, but when the feathers fly down they close and push against the air. When it rains, the same thing happens. Strong winds and a lot of wind in a storm can make it tricky to fly, but their feathers are waterproof and there is nothing that stops them from flying. Birds even have a third eyelid that blinks like a wiper to keep their vision clear.
And that’s how birds fly.
Birds are able to fly for a number of reasons. Their bodies have a lot of energy. They have very light bones too so it’s easy to fly. Some birds have feathers that are strong. Some of them are called flight feathers. The feathers are strong and able to make them lift. They have a bone in their chest, called “furcula”. Some people know it as the wish bone. The wish bone gives them strength to flap their wings.
The power of how they can fly.
Birds have muscles to power their wings to fly. When they flap their wings they can take off from the ground and glide. Their feathers are very important part of a bird’s wing. To lift or open up helps the bird’s wing to fall under the force of gravity. The birds can fully open and close their feathers to fly in the air.
Wings!
Once the birds are in the air, they beat their wings for speed and use their tails as rudders to change direction. Then when they stop their feet comes out and they turn their tails down, that slows them down, and that is how they land. It is kind of like an airplane landing. They make it look so easy! Take a look at the birds next time you see one fly past you. They are actually really interesting.
How can birds fly in the rain?
Birds fly by forcing air down with their wings. The feathers pivot to let the air pass through them, but when the feathers fly down they close and push against the air. When it rains, the same thing happens. Strong winds and a lot of wind in a storm can make it tricky to fly, but their feathers are waterproof and there is nothing that stops them from flying. Birds even have a third eyelid that blinks like a wiper to keep their vision clear.
And that’s how birds fly.
Bulletproof Glass
By Gabe E.
Have you seen Barak Obama’s inauguration? If have you probably didn’t know the Barak Obama had bulletproof glass in front of him when he said his speech, and so did Michelle Obama.
What is bulletproof glass made of?
Bulletproof glass is made of Polycarbonate material casually consisting of products, such as Armomax, Makroclear, Cyrobn, Lexan, or Tuffak between pieces of ordinary glass in a process called Lamination. This process creates a glass-like material that is thicker than ordinary glass. The strength and durability of bullet-resistant glass depends on how it is made and the thickness of the final product.
How does bulletproof glass work?
For some people a pane of bulletproof glass looks the same as an ordinary pane of glass. The similarities end there. Bullet-resistant glass and regular glass may look the same but there different in more ways than you imagine. Here’s why. An ordinary piece of would shatter after being struck with a bullet from a handgun, but bullet-resistant glass can withstand a bullet from a handgun and bullet from a shotgun without breaking or shattering. Bulletproof glass would crack but the bullet wouldn’t go through like an ordinary piece of glass would.
Who made bulletproof glass, and why?
Bullet-resistant glass was found in 1903 by a French chemist, by the name of Eduard Benedictus. He discovered bullet-resistant glass on accident, and also carelessness, when Eduard was in the laboratory. Eduard dropped a beaker on the ground, and then he covered the beaker with plastic cellulose nitrate.
What is the difference between normal glass and bulletproof glass?
What is the difference between bullet-resistant glass and ordinary glass? First, normal glass is not able to take the force of a bullet. Second, the materials they use to make bulletproof glass are different than normal glass materials. Last, bullet-resistant glass has a lot more layers, unlike ordinary glass.
What are some unusual things bulletproof glass is used for?
Bullet-resistant glass isn’t always used for important things. Sometimes bullet-resistant glass is used in movies, because some movies have real guns. Another way it’s used is for completely turning your car trunk in a fully bulletproofed trunk. Bulletproof glass is used for a lot of things, like protecting important people, and also used in movies, like I said in paragraph 6.
Those are all of the reasons why bulletproof glass is a great discovery and invention for the world.
What is bulletproof glass made of?
Bulletproof glass is made of Polycarbonate material casually consisting of products, such as Armomax, Makroclear, Cyrobn, Lexan, or Tuffak between pieces of ordinary glass in a process called Lamination. This process creates a glass-like material that is thicker than ordinary glass. The strength and durability of bullet-resistant glass depends on how it is made and the thickness of the final product.
How does bulletproof glass work?
For some people a pane of bulletproof glass looks the same as an ordinary pane of glass. The similarities end there. Bullet-resistant glass and regular glass may look the same but there different in more ways than you imagine. Here’s why. An ordinary piece of would shatter after being struck with a bullet from a handgun, but bullet-resistant glass can withstand a bullet from a handgun and bullet from a shotgun without breaking or shattering. Bulletproof glass would crack but the bullet wouldn’t go through like an ordinary piece of glass would.
Who made bulletproof glass, and why?
Bullet-resistant glass was found in 1903 by a French chemist, by the name of Eduard Benedictus. He discovered bullet-resistant glass on accident, and also carelessness, when Eduard was in the laboratory. Eduard dropped a beaker on the ground, and then he covered the beaker with plastic cellulose nitrate.
What is the difference between normal glass and bulletproof glass?
What is the difference between bullet-resistant glass and ordinary glass? First, normal glass is not able to take the force of a bullet. Second, the materials they use to make bulletproof glass are different than normal glass materials. Last, bullet-resistant glass has a lot more layers, unlike ordinary glass.
What are some unusual things bulletproof glass is used for?
Bullet-resistant glass isn’t always used for important things. Sometimes bullet-resistant glass is used in movies, because some movies have real guns. Another way it’s used is for completely turning your car trunk in a fully bulletproofed trunk. Bulletproof glass is used for a lot of things, like protecting important people, and also used in movies, like I said in paragraph 6.
Those are all of the reasons why bulletproof glass is a great discovery and invention for the world.
How We Feel Pain
By Joe
This is how you feel pain in different ways.
How Pain Came Affect Your Mood?
Say you win the lottery off a scratch ticket at the beach. You don’t know it, but you are about to step on a shell. Once you step on the shell, your mood can change because the last time you stepped on a shell, your foot got infected. So your brain thinks it is going to get infected. So you will be mad at the fact that your foot will get infected. So you are automatically angry.
What Happens When You Feel Pain?
When you feel pain, your heart will go faster, and you may break out in sweat because your mind does not know what to do.
How Your Brain Knows When You Feel Pain?
When you feel pain, your spinal cord sends a message to your brain. It says, “Move your arm, you are going to get burned by the fire.”
This is how you feel pain in different types of pain.
How Pain Came Affect Your Mood?
Say you win the lottery off a scratch ticket at the beach. You don’t know it, but you are about to step on a shell. Once you step on the shell, your mood can change because the last time you stepped on a shell, your foot got infected. So your brain thinks it is going to get infected. So you will be mad at the fact that your foot will get infected. So you are automatically angry.
What Happens When You Feel Pain?
When you feel pain, your heart will go faster, and you may break out in sweat because your mind does not know what to do.
How Your Brain Knows When You Feel Pain?
When you feel pain, your spinal cord sends a message to your brain. It says, “Move your arm, you are going to get burned by the fire.”
This is how you feel pain in different types of pain.
Computers in Phones
By Autumn
How Can All of The Computers Websites fit into a cell phone?
All of the computers websites fit on to a little phone because there is a little control pad that connects into the internet on the phone. There is also this thing called a circuit board. For instance they have both the same kind of little chip in them but they look way different from each other.
How can the computer and the phone connect together?
There is a microchip in side of the phone and there is another one that sends emails to all parts of the world. There is also this little micro pad that can send pictures all over the world. There is something that is called a-to-d and d-to-a. It is something they both have and it helps them work faster and it helps the computer and the phones connect better.
How are Microphones on a Computer Different From a one on a Phone?
They are different because the one in the phone is smaller than the one in the computer .And the one in the computer you can hear better through then the one on the phone.
How is a Keyboard on a Phone Different from a one on a Computer?
The keyboard on the computer is different than a one on a phone because the one on the computer is bigger and the one on the phone is smaller.
All of the computers websites fit on to a little phone because there is a little control pad that connects into the internet on the phone. There is also this thing called a circuit board. For instance they have both the same kind of little chip in them but they look way different from each other.
How can the computer and the phone connect together?
There is a microchip in side of the phone and there is another one that sends emails to all parts of the world. There is also this little micro pad that can send pictures all over the world. There is something that is called a-to-d and d-to-a. It is something they both have and it helps them work faster and it helps the computer and the phones connect better.
How are Microphones on a Computer Different From a one on a Phone?
They are different because the one in the phone is smaller than the one in the computer .And the one in the computer you can hear better through then the one on the phone.
How is a Keyboard on a Phone Different from a one on a Computer?
The keyboard on the computer is different than a one on a phone because the one on the computer is bigger and the one on the phone is smaller.
Why Does the Sky Change Color?
By Kevin
Have you ever wondered why the sky changes color? It’s not like magical leprechauns change the color in the sky. Here are the reasons why the sky changes color.
The Sun, the Creator of Light
Most kids draw the sun as yellow, but the sun is not only yellow. It is actually all the colors in the rainbow. Haven’t you ever wondered where rainbows come from? After it rains the sun comes out and it makes a rainbow because sunlight and rain combine in a very specific way.
Sky is blue, or so you think
During the day the sky looks blue because there are many different solid and gaseous, Particles in the atmosphere.
The Beautiful Sun set
The sky looks reddish at sunset. Because as it passes through layers in the atmosphere. Light with shorter wavelengths, is scattered more than light with longer wavelengths.
When the sky first came
The sky is really just a blanket of gas around the atmosphere. When the earth was formed, the atmosphere was mostly made of hydrogen and helium.
I have learned that the sun and the sky are more than they seem. I thought the sun was just yellow but it’s not. I have also learned that the sky is not just one thing, its many things combine into one. That’s why it changes color at different times of the day. That’s what I have learned; the sky and the sun are a big part of life.
The Sun, the Creator of Light
Most kids draw the sun as yellow, but the sun is not only yellow. It is actually all the colors in the rainbow. Haven’t you ever wondered where rainbows come from? After it rains the sun comes out and it makes a rainbow because sunlight and rain combine in a very specific way.
Sky is blue, or so you think
During the day the sky looks blue because there are many different solid and gaseous, Particles in the atmosphere.
The Beautiful Sun set
The sky looks reddish at sunset. Because as it passes through layers in the atmosphere. Light with shorter wavelengths, is scattered more than light with longer wavelengths.
When the sky first came
The sky is really just a blanket of gas around the atmosphere. When the earth was formed, the atmosphere was mostly made of hydrogen and helium.
I have learned that the sun and the sky are more than they seem. I thought the sun was just yellow but it’s not. I have also learned that the sky is not just one thing, its many things combine into one. That’s why it changes color at different times of the day. That’s what I have learned; the sky and the sun are a big part of life.
Why Do Dogs Bark
By Stephanie
The Bark
Dogs bark to express their feelings. Dogs can bark the same way a person can talk. Dogs also bark when they are startled. Like my dog she would go crazy when there was a loud noise.
Intruders
Dogs bark when there is an intruder. Dogs bark at certain people because of their tone. Also don’t yell around your dog because dogs think you are yelling at them. Some dogs bark at people if the dog is moving and the dog feels not safe.
We Want Attention
Some dogs bark if they want attention or affection and others whine. Dogs bark for attention because they want to play. Some dogs cry to tell the person that they want attention. My dog cries when I don’t play with him.
Territory
Dogs bark to mark their territory. Dogs also pee to mark their territory. They bark to tell a dog that this yard is his territory. So that is why dogs bark.
Dogs bark to express their feelings. Dogs can bark the same way a person can talk. Dogs also bark when they are startled. Like my dog she would go crazy when there was a loud noise.
Intruders
Dogs bark when there is an intruder. Dogs bark at certain people because of their tone. Also don’t yell around your dog because dogs think you are yelling at them. Some dogs bark at people if the dog is moving and the dog feels not safe.
We Want Attention
Some dogs bark if they want attention or affection and others whine. Dogs bark for attention because they want to play. Some dogs cry to tell the person that they want attention. My dog cries when I don’t play with him.
Territory
Dogs bark to mark their territory. Dogs also pee to mark their territory. They bark to tell a dog that this yard is his territory. So that is why dogs bark.
